Improving our knowledge of the physical and biogeochemical processes involved, through modeling or observations, is of fundamental importance to deepen our understanding of the Earth system and to improve the reliability of future projections as well as weather and ocean forecasts. This often results in widespread and persistent biases in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. The complexity of air-sea interactions makes it hard to disentangle the different mechanisms at play, identify the driving processes, and properly model and parametrize them. They also shape the large-scale oceanic and atmospheric circulation affecting, for example, mesoscale eddies, Western Boundary Currents, convective precipitation, the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and ocean CO2 uptake. Air-sea interactions can dramatically impact extreme events such as tropical cyclones, marine heat waves, high precipitation events, and sea storms. This drives processes on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from localised extreme events to the global climate. The ocean and atmosphere are intricately linked through the exchanges of momentum, mass, and energy. Air-sea interactions play a key role in the climate system.
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